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<title>View Rendering - Zend Framework Manual</title>
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<hr />
<div id="performance.view" class="section"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">View Rendering</h1></div>
<p class="para">
When using Zend Framework's <acronym class="acronym">MVC</acronym> layer, chances are you will be using
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span>. <span class="classname">Zend_View</span> is performs well
compared to other view or templating engines; since view scripts
are written in <acronym class="acronym">PHP</acronym>, you do not incur the overhead of compiling custom
markup to <acronym class="acronym">PHP</acronym>, nor do you need to worry that the compiled
<acronym class="acronym">PHP</acronym> is not optimized. However, <span class="classname">Zend_View</span> presents
its own issues: extension is done via overloading (view helpers), and a number of view
helpers, while carrying out key functionality do so with a performance
cost.
</p>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.pluginloader" name="performance.view.pluginloader"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">How can I speed up resolution of view helpers?</h1></div>
<p class="para">
Most <span class="classname">Zend_View</span> "methods" are actually provided via
overloading to the helper system. This provides important flexibility to
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span>; instead of needing to extend
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span> and provide all the helper methods you may
utilize in your application, you can define your helper methods in separate
classes and consume them at will as if they were direct methods of
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span>. This keeps the view object itself relatively
thin, and ensures that objects are created only when needed.
</p>
<p class="para">
Internally, <span class="classname">Zend_View</span> uses the <a href="" class="link">PluginLoader</a> to look
up helper classes. This means that for each helper you call,
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span> needs to pass the helper name to the
PluginLoader, which then needs to determine the class name, load the
class file if necessary, and then return the class name so it may be
instantiated. Subsequent uses of the helper are much faster, as
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span> keeps an internal registry of loaded helpers,
but if you use many helpers, the calls add up.
</p>
<p class="para">
The question, then, is: how can you speed up helper resolution?
</p>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.pluginloader.cache" name="performance.view.pluginloader.cache"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">Use the PluginLoader include file cache</h1></div>
<p class="para">
The simplest, cheapest solution is the same as for <a href="performance.classloading.html#performance.classloading.pluginloader" class="link">general
PluginLoader performance</a>: <a href="" class="link">use
the PluginLoader include file cache</a>. Anecdotal
evidence has shown this technique to provide a 25-30%
performance gain on systems without an opcode cache, and a
40-65% gain on systems with an opcode cache.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.pluginloader.extend" name="performance.view.pluginloader.extend"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">Extend Zend_View to provide often used helper methods</h1></div>
<p class="para">
Another solution for those seeking to tune performance even
further is to extend <span class="classname">Zend_View</span> to manually add the
helper methods they most use in their application. Such helper
methods may simply manually instantiate the appropriate helper
class and proxy to it, or stuff the full helper implementation
into the method.
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">class</span> My_View <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">extends</span> Zend_View</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;">/**</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @var array Registry of helper classes used</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> */</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> protected <span style="color: #0000ff;">$_localHelperObjects</span> = <a href="http://www.php.net/array"><span style="color: #000066;">array</span></a><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> </div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;">/**</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * Proxy to url view helper</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> *</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @param array $urlOptions Options passed to the assemble method</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * of the Route object.</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @param mixed $name The name of a Route to use. If null it will</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * use the current Route</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @param bool $reset Whether or not to reset the route defaults</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * with those provided</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @return string Url for the link href attribute.</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> */</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> url<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><a href="http://www.php.net/array"><span style="color: #000066;">array</span></a> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$urlOptions</span> = <a href="http://www.php.net/array"><span style="color: #000066;">array</span></a><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$name</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">null</span>,</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$reset</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">false</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$encode</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">true</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">if</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span>!<a href="http://www.php.net/array_key_exists"><span style="color: #000066;">array_key_exists</span></a><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'url'</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_localHelperObjects<span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_localHelperObjects<span style="color: #66cc66;">[</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'url'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">]</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Zend_View_Helper_Url<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_localHelperObjects<span style="color: #66cc66;">[</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'url'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">]</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">setView</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$helper</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_localHelperObjects<span style="color: #66cc66;">[</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'url'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">]</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$helper</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">url</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$urlOptions</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$name</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$reset</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">$encode</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> </div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;">/**</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * Echo a message</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> *</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * Direct implementation.</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> *</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @param string $string</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> * @return string</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;"> */</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> message<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$string</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">return</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">"<h1>"</span> . <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">escape</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$message</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> . <span style="color: #ff0000;">"</h1><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
Either way, this technique will substantially reduce the
overhead of the helper system by avoiding calls to the
PluginLoader entirely, and either benefiting from autoloading or
bypassing it altogether.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.partial" name="performance.view.partial"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">How can I speed up view partials?</h1></div>
<p class="para">
Those who use partials heavily and who profile their applications
will often immediately notice that the <span class="methodname">partial()</span> view
helper incurs a lot of overhead, due to the need to clone the view
object. Is it possible to speed this up?
</p>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.partial.render" name="performance.view.partial.render"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">Use partial() only when really necessary</h1></div>
<p class="para">
The <span class="methodname">partial()</span> view helper accepts three arguments:
</p>
<ul class="itemizedlist">
<li class="listitem">
<p class="para">
<var class="varname">$name</var>: the name of the view script to render
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="para">
<var class="varname">$module</var>: the name of the module in which the
view script resides; or, if no third argument is provided
and this is an array or object, it will be the
<var class="varname">$model</var> argument.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="para">
<var class="varname">$model</var>: an array or object to pass to the
partial representing the clean data to assign to the view.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="para">
The power and use of <span class="methodname">partial()</span> come from the second
and third arguments. The <var class="varname">$module</var> argument allows
<span class="methodname">partial()</span> to temporarily add a script path for the
given module so that the partial view script will resolve to
that module; the <var class="varname">$model</var> argument allows you to
explicitly pass variables for use with the partial view.
If you're not passing either argument, <em class="emphasis">use
<span class="methodname">render()</span> instead</em>!
</p>
<p class="para">
Basically, unless you are actually passing variables to the
partial and need the clean variable scope, or rendering a view
script from another <acronym class="acronym">MVC</acronym> module, there is no reason to incur the
overhead of <span class="methodname">partial()</span>; instead, use
<span class="classname">Zend_View</span>'s built-in <span class="methodname">render()</span>
method to render the view script.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.action" name="performance.view.action"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">How can I speed up calls to the action() view helper?</h1></div>
<p class="para">
Version 1.5.0 introduced the <span class="methodname">action()</span> view helper,
which allows you to dispatch an <acronym class="acronym">MVC</acronym> action and capture its rendered
content. This provides an important step towards the <acronym class="acronym">DRY</acronym> principle,
and promotes code reuse. However, as those who profile their
applications will quickly realize, it, too, is an expensive
operation. Internally, the <span class="methodname">action()</span> view helper needs
to clone new request and response objects, invoke the dispatcher,
invoke the requested controller and action, etc.
</p>
<p class="para">
How can you speed it up?
</p>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.action.actionstack" name="performance.view.action.actionstack"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">Use the ActionStack when possible</h1></div>
<p class="para">
Introduced at the same time as the <span class="methodname">action()</span> view
helper, the <a href="" class="link">ActionStack</a>
consists of an action helper and a front controller plugin.
Together, they allow you to push additional actions to invoke
during the dispatch cycle onto a stack. If you are calling
<span class="methodname">action()</span> from your layout view scripts, you may
want to instead use the ActionStack, and render your views to
discrete response segments. As an example, you could write a
<span class="methodname">dispatchLoopStartup()</span> plugin like the following to
add a login form box to each page:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">class</span> LoginPlugin <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">extends</span> Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> protected <span style="color: #0000ff;">$_stack</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> </div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> dispatchLoopStartup<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> Zend_Controller_Request_Abstract <span style="color: #0000ff;">$request</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">getStack</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$loginRequest</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Zend_Controller_Request_Simple<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$loginRequest</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">setControllerName</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'user'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> -><span style="color: #006600;">setActionName</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'index'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> -><span style="color: #006600;">setParam</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'responseSegment'</span>, <span style="color: #ff0000;">'login'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">pushStack</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$loginRequest</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> </div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> getStack<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">if</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">null</span> === <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_stack<span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$front</span> = Zend_Controller_Front::<span style="color: #006600;">getInstance</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">if</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span>!<span style="color: #0000ff;">$front</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">hasPlugin</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Zend_Controller_Plugin_ActionStack'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Zend_Controller_Plugin_ActionStack<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$front</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">registerPlugin</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span> <span style="color: #b1b100;">else</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">$front</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">getPlugin</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'ActionStack'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_stack = <span style="color: #0000ff;">$stack</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>->_stack;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
The <span class="methodname">UserController::indexAction()</span> method might then
use the <var class="varname">$responseSegment</var> parameter to indicate which
response segment to render to. In the layout script, you would
then simply render that response segment:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;"><?php</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">layout</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">login</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">?></span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
While the ActionStack still requires a dispatch cycle, this is
still cheaper than the <span class="methodname">action()</span> view helper as it
does not need to clone objects and reset internal state.
Additionally, it ensures that all pre and post dispatch plugins are
invoked, which may be of particular concern if you are using
front controller plugins for handling <acronym class="acronym">ACL</acronym>'s to particular
actions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="performance.view.action.model" name="performance.view.action.model"><div class="info"><h1 class="title">Favor helpers that query the model over action()</h1></div>
<p class="para">
In most cases, using <span class="methodname">action()</span> is simply overkill.
If you have most business logic nested in your models and are
simply querying the model and passing the results to a view
script, it will typically be faster and cleaner to simply write
a view helper that pulls the model, queries it, and does
something with that information.
</p>
<p class="para">
As an example, consider the following controller action and view
script:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">class</span> BugController <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">extends</span> Zend_Controller_Action</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> listAction<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$model</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Bug<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">view</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">bugs</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">$model</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">fetchActive</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> </div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #808080; font-style: italic;">// bug/list.phtml:</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.php.net/echo"><span style="color: #000066;">echo</span></a> <span style="color: #ff0000;">"<ul><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b1b100;">foreach</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">bugs</span> <span style="color: #b1b100;">as</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <a href="http://www.php.net/printf"><span style="color: #000066;">printf</span></a><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">"<li><b>%s</b>: %s</li><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>,</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">escape</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">id</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>,</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">escape</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">summary</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.php.net/echo"><span style="color: #000066;">echo</span></a> <span style="color: #ff0000;">"</ul><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>;</div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
Using <span class="methodname">action()</span>, you would then invoke it with the
following:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;"><?php</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">action</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'list'</span>, <span style="color: #ff0000;">'bug'</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">?></span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
This could be refactored to a view helper that looks like the
following:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">class</span> My_View_Helper_BugList <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">extends</span> Zend_View_Helper_Abstract</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">function</span> bugList<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$model</span> = <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Bug<span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$html</span> = <span style="color: #ff0000;">"<ul><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">foreach</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$model</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">fetchActive</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1b100;">as</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">{</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$html</span> .= <a href="http://www.php.net/sprintf"><span style="color: #000066;">sprintf</span></a><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #ff0000;">"<li><b>%s</b>: %s</li><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>,</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">view</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">escape</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">id</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>,</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">view</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">escape</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">$bug</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">summary</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$html</span> .= <span style="color: #ff0000;">"</ul><span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>"</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #b1b100;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$html</span>;</div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #66cc66;">}</span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
You would then invoke the helper as follows:
</p>
<div class="programlisting php"><div class="phpcode"><div class="php" style="font-family: monospace;"><ol><li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;"><?php</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #006600;">bugList</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">(</span><span style="color: #66cc66;">)</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">?></span></div></li></ol></div></div></div>
<p class="para">
This has two benefits: it no longer incurs the overhead of the
<span class="methodname">action()</span> view helper, and also presents a more
semantically understandable <acronym class="acronym">API</acronym>.
</p>
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